Leghorn Chickens: Characteristics, Care and Feeding
Leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are renowned for their elegant build, inquisitive behaviour and prolific egg output. Whether you manage a backyard flock or a semi-commercial setup, keeping them healthy in 2026 means combining smart housing, precise nutrition and consistent veterinary oversight. This guide gathers proven practices to help your Leghorn hens perform at their best.
1. Breed Profile
- Origin: Tuscany, Italy
- Typical appearance: Lightweight frame, white plumage and large comb; buff, brown, black and barred varieties exist
- Average weight: Hens 1.6–2.0 kg, roosters 2.3–2.7 kg
- Annual egg yield: 280–320 large white eggs
- Onset of lay: 18–20 weeks
- Temperament: Alert, flighty, enjoys ranging—secure fencing and aerial protection are vital
2. 2026 Trends and Planning Tips
- Wireless coop sensors track temperature, humidity and ammonia levels with mobile alerts.
- Solar-powered automatic doors and feeders cut energy costs and improve routine.
- Deep-litter compost and micro-biodigesters reduce waste and generate fertilizer.
- Egg traceability labels with QR codes build consumer trust and premium pricing.
3. Housing and Coop Layout
3.1 Space and Structure
- Indoor area: at least 2.5 sq ft (0.25 m²) per bird; outdoor run 32–43 sq ft (3–4 m²).
- Provide roof height of 2 m+ for good air exchange and caretaker comfort.
3.2 Ventilation and Lighting
- Install adjustable vents near the roof to prevent condensation in winter.
- Maintain 14–16 hours of light daily to sustain egg production; use timers for consistency.
3.3 Interior Fixtures
- Perches 30–40 cm apart, 80–100 cm above the floor; use rounded edges to protect feet.
- Nesting boxes: one box per 4–5 hens; size 30x35x35 cm with soft bedding.
- Biosecurity: keep a footbath at the entrance and rodent-proof feed storage.
4. Feeding Strategy
| Stage | Crude Protein (%) | Calcium (%) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Starter (0–6 weeks) | 20–21 | 1.0 | Access to crumble 24/7, monitor crop fill |
| Grower (6–16 weeks) | 16–18 | 1.0 | Gradually reduce energy to avoid overweight pullets |
| Layer (16 weeks+) | 16–17 | 3.5–4.0 | Offer free-choice oyster shell or limestone grit |
Smart feed monitors introduced in 2026 help record daily feed and water intake to flag appetite changes. Supplement the ration with fresh greens, sprouted grains and kitchen vegetables to enrich micronutrients. During winter, ensure vitamin D levels remain adequate through controlled lighting or approved supplements.
5. Flock Health Management
- Vaccination schedule: Marek’s (day-old), Newcastle/IB (3 weeks), Gumboro (4 weeks), Newcastle boosters at 12 and 18 weeks.
- Internal parasites: fecal exam every 12 weeks; deworm under veterinary guidance as needed.
- External parasites: provide dust baths (sand + wood ash) and treat coops with diatomaceous earth or safe sprays.
- Digital egg logs track production and alert you to sudden drops or soft-shelled eggs.
- Trim comb frostbite risk in cold climates with petroleum jelly and wind breaks.
6. Behaviour and Welfare
- Secure fencing at least 6 ft (1.8 m) high; cover runs with netting to deter aerial predators.
- Provide shaded retreats, shrubs or portable arches to reduce stress.
- Use multiple feeders and drinkers to reduce competition in active flocks.
- If keeping roosters, limit to one per 10–12 hens to minimise overmating.
7. Egg Collection and Storage
- Collect eggs twice daily in mild weather; three times during hot spells to prevent spoilage.
- Store at 60–65°F (15–18°C) and 70% humidity with the pointed end down.
- Use carton flats for air circulation; note collection dates for rotation.
8. Breeding and Incubation
- Set incubators at 99.5°F (37.5°C) and 55–60% humidity; raise to 65–70% for the final three days.
- Store hatching eggs no longer than 7–10 days, turning them daily to maintain viability.
- Because Leghorns rarely go broody, rely on incubators or broody breeds for hatching.
9. Maintenance Checklist
- Daily: Refresh feed and water, walk the flock, collect eggs, check for injuries.
- Weekly: Stir or top up litter, scrub feeders and drinkers, test security of fences and doors.
- Monthly: Deep-clean coop surfaces, reassess pest control, update digital health logs.
- Yearly: Service ventilation fans, repaint weathered surfaces, review vaccination records.
10. FAQ
How do I stop Leghorns from flying out?
Clip the primary flight feathers on one wing, install taller fencing and provide plenty of enrichment inside the run.
Why did winter egg production drop?
Increase day length to 14 hours, maintain coop temperatures above 50°F (10°C) and review protein/energy ratios.
Are Leghorns good meat birds?
They are lightweight and best suited to egg production; dual-purpose or broiler breeds yield more meat.
How can I deter predators?
Combine secure fencing, motion lights, automatic door closers and livestock guardian animals where feasible.
What are signs of calcium deficiency?
Thin-shelled eggs, fragile bones and muscle tremors. Increase calcium sources and ensure vitamin D uptake.
11. Conclusion
Leghorn chickens reward attentive caretakers with consistent egg baskets and lively personalities. By blending modern coop technologies with time-tested husbandry, you can maintain a productive, welfare-friendly flock throughout 2026.